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• The Exercise Motivations Inventory and Exercise Motives and Gains Inventory (EMI)
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• The Perceived Environmental Supportiveness Scale (PESS)
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  • ECOS psychometrics
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• The Locus of Causality for Exercise Scale (LCES)
  • LCE references
  • LCE downloads
• The Goal Orientations in Exercise Scale (GOEM)
  • GOEM downloads
• The Self-Determination Theory Website

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• EMI-2 home
• EMI-2 FAQs
• EMI-2 and EMGI References
• EMI-2 in other languages
• EMI-2 and EMGI downloads

EMI - References

Here are references for papers from our own lab. For access to papers published by researchers in other institutions, click the Google Scholar link.

Ingledew, D.K., Hardy, L. and de Sousa, K. (1995). Body shape dissatisfaction and exercise motivations. Journal of Sports Sciences, 13, 60. abstract

Ingledew, D.K. & Markland, D. (2008). The role of motives in exercise participation. Psychology and Health, 23, 807-828. abstract full text (pdf) For personal use only

Ingledew, D.K., Markland, D., & Ferguson, E. (2009). Three levels of exercise motivation. Applied Psychology: Health and Wellbeing, 1, 336-355. abstract full text (pdf) For personal use only

Ingledew, D.K.I., Markland, D. and Medley, A. (1998). Exercise motives and Stages of Change. Journal of Health Psychology, 3, 477-489. abstract full text (pdf) For personal use only

Ingledew, D.K., Markland, D., & Strömmer, S.S. (2013). Elucidating the Roles of Motives and Gains in Exercise Participation. Sport, Exercise & Performance Psychology, 3, 116-131. abstract full text (pdf) For personal use only

Ingledew, D.K. & Sullivan, G. (2002). Effects of body mass and body image on exercise motives in adolescence. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3, 323-338. abstract full text (pdf) For personal use only

Markland, D. (1999). Internally informational versus internally controlling exercise motives and exercise enjoyment: The mediating role of self-determination. In P. Parisi, F. Pigozzi, & G. Prinzi (Eds.) Sport Science '99 in Europe. Proceedings of the 4th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science. Rome: University Institute of Motor Sciences. abstract

Markland, D. and Hardy, L. (1993). The Exercise Motivations Inventory: Preliminary development and validity of a measure of individuals' reasons for participation in regular physical exercise. Personality & Individual Differences, 15, 289-296. abstract full text (pdf) For personal use only

Markland, D. & Ingledew, D.K. (1997). The measurement of exercise motives: Factorial validity and invariance across gender of a revised Exercise Motivations Inventory. British Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 361-376. abstract full text (pdf) For personal use only

Markland, D., Ingledew, D.K., Hardy, L. and Grant, L. (1992). A comparison of the exercise motivations of aerobics participants and weight-watcher exercisers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 10, 609-610. abstract